- BEYOND DARWIN -

VERSION FRANCOPHONE                 

 

SUMMARY OF LEARNERS   INTRO & VOCAB

 

I am going to attempt to separate evolutionary development into five Levels.  Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species suggested this idea to me.   At the end of Chapter 7, “Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection” he wrote:

 

“… Abrupt and strongly marked variations occur in our domesticated productions, singly and at rather long intervals of time.  If such occurred under nature, they would be liable to be lost by accidental causes and by inter-crossing.  In order that a new species should suddenly appear, it is almost necessary to believe, in opposition to all analogy, that several wonderfully changed individuals appeared simultaneously within the same district, [italics mine].

“Against the belief in abrupt changes, embryology enters a strong protest.  The embryo serves as a record of the past condition of the species.  Hence existing species during early stages often resemble extinct forms belonging to the same class.  It is incredible that an animal should have undergone abrupt transformations and yet should not bear even a trace in its embryonic condition of sudden modification, every detail being developed by insensibly fine steps.

“He who believes that some ancient form was transformed suddenly through an internal force or tendency will be compelled to believe that many structures beautifully adapted to all the other parts of the same creature and to the surrounding conditions, have been suddenly produced; and of such complex and wonderful co-adaptations, he will not be able to assign a shadow of an explanation [author’s note: except, perhaps, disease].”  Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, Abridged and Edited by Charlotte and William Irvine, 1978, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., p. 61.

 

Without additional clarification, Darwin’s theories run aground on shoals of scientific detail charted more recently.  Darwin’s evolutionary theory rests on five points.

 

1.     All species produce offspring in excess of the number that can survive.

2.     Adult populations in any region tend to remain constant, and therefore there is an enormous death rate.  (Most biologists believe the first part of point 2 is wrong, the second part largely correct.)

3.     There must be a struggle for survival which the majority of creatures lose.

4.     The competitors vary in many small characteristics, and these will affect the chances of survival.

5.     The result of the four previous conditions is that the organism best able to survive the conditions transmits its more adaptive traits to future generations.

 

Taken from Fred Warshofsky’s Doomsday: The Science of Catastrophe, Readers Digest Press, New York, 1977, pp. 103-104.

 

Gordon Rattray Taylor summarizes Darwin’s problems in The Great Evolution Mystery.  I take this quotation from Michael Crawford’s and David Marsh’s The Driving Force – Food, Evolution and the Future, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1989, p. 30.

 

1.     The suddenness [sudden, to paleontologists, means happening in a mere million years] with which major changes in pattern occurred and the virtual absence of any fossil remains from the period in which they were alleged to be evolving.

2.     The suddenness with which new forms ‘radiated’ into numerous variants.

3.     The suddenness of many extinctions and the lack of obvious reasons for such extinction.

4.     The repeated occurrence of changes calling for numerous coordinated innovations, both at the level of organs and of complete organisms.

5.     The variations in speed at which evolution occurred.

6.     The fact that subsequently, no new phyla have appeared, and no new classes and orders.  This fact, which has been much ignored, is perhaps the most powerful of all arguments against Darwin’s generalization.

7.     The occurrence of parallel and convergent evolution, in which similar structures evolve in quite different circumstances.

8.     The existence of long-term trends (orthogenesis).

9.     The appearance of organs before they are needed (pre-adaptation).

10. The occurrence of ‘overshoot’ or evolutionary momentum (e.g. how organs once useful became overdeveloped, such as the tusks of the saber-toothed tiger and the antlers of the Irish Elk).

11. The puzzle of how organs, once evolved, come to be lost (degeneration).

12. The failure of some organisms to evolve at all.

 

Many diseases increase mortality.  However, some infections might benefit their hosts.  Did ‘domesticated’ pathogens introduce immune, digestive, neural, and other specialized cells where none existed before?  Did mutagenic microbes make new mutations inheritable?  Did successfully adapted tumors become physical mutations?

All these suppositions are heretical today and pigeonholed under clumsy rubrics like “endosymbiosis” and “horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes.”  Scientists are just resuming the study of oncogenes, transposons, plasmids, plasmagenes and episomes: micro-organic savings banks, post offices and stock exchanges whose hallways echo with complex DNA intercourse. 

Could our bodies be ‘bacterial clouds;’ multi-generation starships constructed with, by and for microorganisms, to transport their DNA (so-called “junk DNA”?) in safety and comfort across vast stretches of space-time—from your armchair to the refrigerator, say, or across the galaxy?

Adaptive mutation through benign disease processes might reconcile many arguments between evolutionary gradualists and catastrophists. 

Environmental catastrophes would have suppressed the immune systems of dominant species.  They’d have created pandemics of heightened mortality, within-species differentiation and genetic drift.  During such disasters, whole herds might have been annihilated or transformed into viable new species.  Since those transformations would have affected every member of the herd simultaneously, their descendants would have skipped ‘transitional’ stages.  Such an evolutionary process of selective die-out is modeled in Kropotkin's book, Mutual Cooperation.

It is also interesting to note that many species that have extremely long histories of genetic stability appear to have been relatively immune to most diseases -- sharks, mollusks, lichen, fungi, latter dinosaurs (?).  Better qualified scientists who specialize in such things should take note.

This evolutionary blueprint would have left the fragmentary fossil record our paleontologists puzzle over today, that doesn’t contain the ‘missing links” Darwinists keep predicting and failing to find.  That’s a very bad sign for a theory.

Behavior, however, seems to have evolved under environmental influences, following a more gradual, Lamarckian path.  Given altered circumstances, certain deviants went crazy in specific ways.  This kind of craziness increased their species’ reproductive success, was learned by succeeding progeny and thus retained in species memory. 

Someone may appear to be acting crazy, but his craziness may be a survival factor under altered circumstances that mere ‘normals’ couldn’t handle.  When Chaos looms, deviant responses may become more efficient than routine normality.

 

Species are rarely exterminated as a direct outcome of predation, endemic disease and selective competition; but more often from some massive ecological disruption – asteroid strikes, volcanism, ice ages, massive flooding, long droughts, human encroachment, etc.; followed by lethal pandemics triggered by lower immunities across the board.

Thereafter, a few survivors replaced the masses that died.  The distinguishing traits they shared became “Darwinian mutations.”  These traits would not need to “improve fitness.”  On the contrary, they would tend to echo and reinforce that species’ statistical average among a handful of survivors.  Rare individuals with superior traits in that special niche would have died along with the majority.  Only continuously unstable (semi-permanently lethal) environments would promote the survival of radical mutants, in the very rare cases when they wouldn’t annihilate them entirely.  

 

You might note that the planet has caught a cold and that we are it. 

To understand our proper place in the scheme of things, think of humanity as an Earth pathogen—not its dominators, lords or even failed caretakers.  Like most disease organisms, we evolved through progressive relationships with our host.  Any population that fails to reach the next higher level, drops to a lower one and languishes interminable obscurity or disappears. 

Someone once suggested to me that children pass through similar stages with respect to their parents.  Since I have never raised children, I won’t go there.

 

Level One:  The organism is frail, simple and not adaptive.  It only survives under optimal circumstances.  Opportunistically, it establishes precarious toeholds in empty niches and in hosts afflicted with impaired immunity.  Its growth is sluggish or static.  Its simplicity is its gravest flaw.  The slightest disturbance threatens it with annihilation.

 

Level Two:  A much tougher organism invades a new host, overwhelms its defenses and kills it through explosive growth.  The invading organism commits suicide by outgrowing its habitat. 

Within decades, the Black Plague killed off half of all Europeans.  Human growth rates flattened for a century, until some unknown mechanism stopped this rampage cold.  After all, no plague survivor became immune to the Black Death.  Perhaps every town rat died?

 

The basic difference between Level One and Level Two is that the actors – host and pathogen – have traded places on the power scale.  In any case, each is diminished by the disappearance of the other.

 

Level Three:  A more sophisticated organism controls its growth, accepts casualties from its host’s defenses and attenuates its harmful signs and symptoms.  Host and pathogen survive to reproduce though neither may flourish as well as before. 

Syphilis took this course during the Renaissance; so did the flu at the end of World War I (and perhaps soon again).  Both mutated from subtle plunderers of children, the weak and the elderly, into runaway killers of strong adults, and back again.  They and others may have done so again and again since long ago; this does not change these facts today.

 

Level Four: As an infectious agent evolves, it develops a symbiotic relationship with its host.  Remaining disease symptoms benefit both the host and the invader.  Positive and negative effects achieve balance. 

Sickle cell anemia strengthens its host’s immunity to malaria, perhaps the deadliest human disease.  Actually, malarial infections have cured some cases of syphilis and they may thwart other diseases. 

A constant background count of sturdy but marginally lethal human diseases, tremendously old, crowds out newer, more deadly and vulnerable organisms.  Without this old crowd of microscopic competitors, the worst newcomers might kill us off in a few weeks of mass plague.  Everywhere on Earth, that is, except in military laboratories.  There, such organisms are pampered pets nurtured in sterile environments and taught deadly new tricks.  See Levels One and Two, above.

 

Level Five: A super-sophisticated organism’s cumulative usefulness to the host overcomes the harm it might inflict.  New internal organs appear, like additional scoops on an ice cream cone.  They house new functions —perhaps as benign tumors. 

The infection makes a new home for itself within the host’s strengthened body.  In return for this survival benefit, the host’s genes reprogram themselves, they mutate.  Infection and host merge genetically into more complex and adaptive spawn. 

It’s inter-Kingdom sex!  The result of this sexual act (it can be called nothing else, even though such ideas are taboo to current science dogma) is a new entity much stronger than the sum of its original parts.  

Take that, you devil-take-the-loser Darwinians.  Oppose it as much as you please!

 

The disease relationship we maintain with the Earth teeters between Levels Two and Three.  Humanity graduated from Level One to Two by learning the usefulness of weapons and tools.  Level Three would mark a significant increase in the complexity of our civilization beyond mere weapon technology. 

However, our weapon managers have ignored runaway population growth, resource depletion and environmental impacts.  They've replaced this promising commencement to Level Three, with technical, societal and moral preparations for omnicide (“Kill everything!”): the only future their weapon hypnosis allows.

Level Two human overpopulation is a complex Earth disaster that promises to collapse civilization and annihilate us, just as a colony of primitive pathogens would destroy itself by irritating its host beyond the brink of tolerance.

 

Info elites have evolved through the aforementioned disease Levels with their proletarian hosts.  While seeming mighty, the rich are at best in transition from Level Three to Level Four in their relationship with the poor.  Any good they achieve partially offsets their innate clumsiness.  The slightest breach of the peace threatens to drag them and us – our heads banging on the stairs – to lower levels and annihilation. 

Once we rally around Level Four and create an Information Commonwealth headed for Level Five, we may yet thrive.  Future transitions between higher Levels may seem nearly instantaneous to us, compared to the crawling millennia we've wasted dallying between Levels One and Three.

 

In the same way, the Community of Dissidence maintains its Levels Three and Four with Conspiracies of Greed. 

Level One persisted until the Time of Prophets, when lone martyrs to peace (Buddha, Zarathustra, Mani, Jesus, Mohammed and many more who died nameless) decorated imperial crossroads with broken and poisoned bodies—their own and/or that of their adherents.  During this Level, each info elite revalidated its weapon mentality by misrepresenting their dying words and teachings, and passing these distortions down to posterity as sacred truths.

Level Two arose when clueless weapon dissidents KO’d the decomposing body-politics of royal and imperial weapon technologies.  They didn’t know what to do next.  They only saw an unfair system that needed to be overthrown.  They mistook mere symptoms (tyranny, corruption, greed, etc.) for the principal cause of societal sickness (weapon mentality) and tried to eliminate them blindly.  Then they swallowed the same toxin whole and normalized all its symptoms, institutionalizing, perpetuating and perfecting them in the process.

Included here are the Jewish, Christian, Islamic, American, French, Fascist, Communist and Anti-Colonialist Revolutions.  In short, all the circular, short-circuit, positive feedback and negative-outcome revolutions our history bothered to document.

Flea-like jumps occur today, between Levels Three and Four.  Weapon managers and weapon dissidents flail at each other without rhyme or reason, while body counts, environmental destruction, overpopulation and unsustainable industries explode around us. 

Learners will achieve Level Five once we fully understand the weapon/peace dialectic, subordinate weapon mentality and restore global peace to its rightful sovereignty.  That would muffle most of those global explosions of their own accord.

The only thing that's stopping us, now, is our collective fear of peace.

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LEARNERS: On the Move from WeaponWorld to PeaceWorld

 

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