- THE SOCIAL CONTRACT, BY JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU -

 

VERSION FRANCOPHONE

 

SUMMARY OF LEARNERS      INTRO & VOCAB

 

Jean-Jacques Rousseau published Du Contrat Social in 1762.  There followed the French Revolution and a semi-permanent state of World War, since. 

Christianity had 2,000 years during which to succeed, and failed abysmally.  Its smug hierarchs took Christ’s perfect message (perfection would mean 100% adoption by humanity) and twisted it so badly that only a sixth of that crowd would have anything to do with it.  According to those hierarchs, their doctrine and methods of transmitting it are perfect; at fault are the five/sixths of humanity that have turned away from Christianity in disgust with their twisted method of transmitting it.  It is evident to them that these non-believers deserve to die and be damned.  How much more perfectly un-Christlike could one get, than the fatheaded conceit of those hierarchs? 

Instead of 2,000 years, Rousseau’s social contract took 200 years to establish itself, and suffered equivalent failure.  The advocates of the French Revolution and the Terror worshipped Rousseau and his social contract.  If anyone could have made it work the way he intended, they would have.  Every liberal, humanist and democrat has paid due reverence to it, since, all for naught. 

It is obvious Rousseau left out something vital, some key element of his social contract, without which it was worthless except as a minor argument against the totalitarian capitalism of Hobbes that prevails in its place.  That missing element was what common law calls a consideration: "some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party; or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other."  It is very hard to contemplate a contract in which one party gives something away from pure affection or fear, and the other party is expected to do nothing in return.  Rousseau himself dismissed this scenario.

 

“Whether this speech takes place between one man and another or between a man and a people, it is equally insane:  I will make a pact entirely in your care and entirely for my benefit, which I will stick to as long as I please and to which you will stick as long as I please.”  Book I, Chapter 4.

[Note:  This pact would be equally insane between nations, even if enforced by victory in war.  It would require posting an armed guard over every locality tempted to resist it.  It would be unenforceable even then, as the U.S. is discovering in Iraq and as every prior colonial empire has discovered, most painfully and disgracefully.]

 

The social contract’s primary purpose is to replace pity: the common virtue of men in a state of nature, which cancels the ill effects of natural inequalities between them.  Men in society substitute pity with “laws, customs and virtue,” and have obviously failed at that substitution. 

The social contract’s primary intent appears to shift from “liberty” (its supreme goal in Book I, Chapter 6), to “the greatest good for all” (the end purpose of all legislation, per line one of Book II, Chapter 11).  These intentions are poorly defined and essentially circular.  The social contract will be incontestable because it will be incontestably worthwhile because everyone will agree this is incontestably so.  How tidily rounded and convenient!  There are no loose ends because the uroboros serpent has swallowed its tail.

Essentially, Mr. Rousseau never discovered the hook upon which to hang his hat.  That is why he never undertook to describe the foreign relations component of his social contract.  Not because he didn’t have the time (his excuse), but because the communications limitations of his Eighteenth Century WeaponWorld made its transformation into PeaceWorld impossible.  Unlike our communications today, which make global peace entirely practicable, despite our archaic and sacrosanct bias to the contrary.

To be valid, a social contract must have some real-world and quantifiable consideration its signatories find eminently worthwhile to establish and useful to maintain through personal and collective sacrifice.  Something they could see, feel and touch every day of their lives, worth living to uphold and dying to protect.  Something a vast majority would support through thick and thin.  It would be so obvious that its unmistakable presence would guarantee that the social contract were honestly fulfilled; so obvious that its slightest absence would negate the contract automatically.

That something, that consideration everyone would recognize instantly, is PeaceWorld.  PeaceWorld would be obvious and unmistakable.  Its failure to replace WeaponWorld, or its subsequent decay back into WeaponWorld, or its disappearance in a distant land, all these would be equally obvious and annul the social contract.  PeaceWorld would mobilize everyone to reestablish it, like a fallen battle emblem or loss of modern radio contact during a hot firefight.  The social contract could not be reestablished until it had been permitted to appear once again, like a sunken ship buoyed to the surface of the sea.

But let’s see what Rousseau had to say.

 

[Author’s note:  On PeaceWorld, this passage would be more applicable to nations than to individual men (and, of course, women).  There would be far less personal degradation than that which WeaponWorld imposes on us in industrial quantities.]

 

“This shift from a state of nature to the civil state induces a very remarkable transformation in men, by substituting instinct with justice in their conduct and endowing their actions with the integrity they lacked.  Once the voice of duty overrides the clamor of physical impulse and appetite, and only thereafter, Man, who used to be entirely self-centered, discovers that he is compelled to act in accordance with new principles and consult his reason before heeding his inclination.  Even though he deprives himself, in this exchange, of some advantages he retained in the state of nature, he recovers such great ones that his faculties are exercised and strengthened, his ideas expand, his feelings are ennobled, his entire soul reaches such heights that if the misdeeds of this new condition did not often degrade him below that from which he had just escaped, he would ceaselessly bless the happy hour that tore him from it forever and molded a sentient being and a man from a stupid, clueless animal.”  Book I, Chapter 6.

 

“The first and foremost outcome of the principles established above, is that the general will is the only one that may direct the power of the state in accordance with the end-purpose of its inception, which is the common good.  Whereas the conflict of special interests made the creation of society necessary, the concord of these same special interests made society possible.  That which these special interests hold in common forms the social bond; and if there were no common point upon which all interests agree, no society could exist.  Thus it is only by this common interest that society must be governed.”  Book II, Chapter 1.

 

No one found a common interest which every special interest could share.  National interests were always in contention, and universal agreement could never be nailed down, even by Rousseau’s genius. 

PeaceWorld is the only principle that could satisfy the strategic interests of every nation.  It is the common interest we always lacked, that everyone could adopt in total security and mutual benefit.  Within it, every valid interest would be satisfied most readily and the common interest, best secured.  At that point and only then, the social contract could snap into place everywhere automatically.  We could then honor it without exception, everyone of sane mind.

 

Please consider the following quote as if we had exhausted our petroleum reserves.  Indeed, global oil demand has already outstripped global supply.  The world economy will begin to splinter under this sad burden, within two or three years and perhaps catastrophically.  This is happening NOW, not once you’re too old to care or once everyone is ‘perfectly ready.’  This is an inescapable fact: we do not have a second left to waste fooling ourselves and fooling around.

 

[Author’s note:  In our case, replace the term ‘State’ with ‘the entire world,’ and ‘the individual’ with ‘nations and lesser aggregates, including individuals.’  Chaosism does not care what level it surges from; peace can only spring from the highest level and all the lower ones acting in concert.]

 

 “But when the social bond begins to fray and the State to weaken, when special interests begin to make themselves noticed and minor associations affect the greater one, the common interest wavers and finds antagonists, unanimity no longer rules the voice vote, the common will ceases to be everyone’s will, contradictions and debates rear up, and the best counsel cannot be ratified without quarrel.

“Finally, as the State nears ruin, it no longer subsists other than in vain and delusional forms, such that the social bond is broken in every instance and the basest interests assume with impunity the sacred title of public good; at this point, the general will goes mute.  Everyone, prompted by secret motives, stops thinking like a citizen, as if the State had never existed; and iniquitous decrees are passed erroneously in the guise of laws, with no other aim than to further special interests.

“Does it follow, from this, that the general will is annihilated or corrupted?  No, it remains steady, pure and constant; but it is enslaved to other considerations that overwhelm it.  Everyone, detaching his gain from the common good, sees plainly that he cannot split wholly from it; but his share of public evil seems like nothing, compared to the exclusive benefits he intends to claim for himself.  Apart from this private benefit, he wants the common good for his own gain, just as much as anyone else.  Even in selling his ballot for cash, he doesn’t extinguish the general will that smolders within him; he just avoids it.  The error he commits is in changing the premise of the question and starting to answer another—not the one he was asked.  Thus, instead of declaring with his vote: ‘This proposal is advantageous to the State,’ he utters: ‘It is advantageous for that person or this party that thus and such proposal be ratified.’  Consequently, the public order of law in assemblies does not so much require that the general will be maintained, but that it always be consulted and that it always reply.”  Book IV, Chapter 1 

 

PeaceWorld is no longer an ideological exercise to be mulled over endlessly – given a reassuring and cozy status quo that will endure forever – whether or not world peace takes root.  We must act NOW, while we have the surplus resources to make World Peace happen NOW. 

If we were truly enlightened beings, we would have done so during the 1950’s, when abundant planetary energy resources could have cushioned whatever errors we committed during our transition from weapons to peace.  But we are mere killer primates, and must humbly beg forgiveness of Loving God for our inexcusable stupidity.

In any case, if we wait for non-renewable resources to disappear before we act, we will have to endure inconceivable sacrifices with no corresponding celebration.  The inevitable consolidation of WeaponWorld tyranny will become a question of firepower, destruction and casualties; instead of PeaceWorld’s cooperation, creativity and peaceful intent.  No good will come of it, only trouble. 

‘Trouble’ is such an easy term to read and dismiss.  Read massive fear, casualties and anguish beyond any humanity has experienced in the past.  Let us beware, see reason and repent.  There is so much work to be done, and so little time left!

 

“The opinions of a people are born from its constitution.  Even though the law does not regulate custom, legislation gives birth to it.  When legislation weakens, custom decays.  Once this happens, however, the judgment of censors won’t achieve what the force of law failed to accomplish.

“It follows from this, that the intervention of censors may be useful to safeguard custom, but never to restore it.  Appoint censors while the laws are in full vigor.  Once laws have lost their vigor, everything is desperate; nothing legitimate retains any power, once the laws have none left.”  Book IV, Chapter 7

 

NEXT      TABLE OF CONTENTS      PRIOR

 

LEARNERS: On the Move from WeaponWorld to PeaceWorld

 

CONTACT PAGE (under development)